23 H.L. In the debates among the Rogati over his punishment a considerable number felt he deserved the death penalty (technically the punishment for galley commanders who fled during a battle), though he was in fact imprisoned and declared ineligible for any future office. mangonel A machine used in warfare to project missiles, usually stones. Guns were mounted on galleys but it was hard to bring them to bear on a target and galleys themselves could be holed by shore based batteries or set on fire by hot or flammable shot.29 Pepper argues that ‘ Venetian reliance on naval defence became increasingly misguided as Ottoman naval and artillery strength improved dramatically’,30 at this period, but it is hard to see what other alternative existed. The major concern here, therefore, is activity at sea which seems to have as its primary purpose the promotion of the interests of a state or a ruler and which usually involved some kind of conflict between ships. This leaves aside the question as to whether there was any body of theoretical writing devoted to the use of ships in war at this period and whether this had any discernible influence on a commander’s approach to the conduct of a sea battle. The other victuals provided were wine, cheese and beans.72 English ships in the king’s service in the early fifteenth century were victualled with bread and flour, beef, mutton and salt meat, salt and fresh fish, beer and wine73. (Merlin)-Chazelas, Anne, Documents rélatifs au clos des galées de Rouen et aux armées de mer du roi de France de 1293 à 1418, Collection de documents inédits sur l’histoire de France, serie in. 42 C. Bréard, op. J.H. A ‘house of canvas’ a sail loft where canvas was also made followed between 1304–7. In Venice it is noticeable that, by the middle of the thirteenth century the organisation of a fleet whether for commercial or warlike purposes, was a public matter;1 the protection and promotion of Venetian interests, which were widely construed to include the economic interests of the city state, was accepted as the responsibility of the Signoria. 30 Details of this campaign can be found in M. Weir, ‘English naval activities, 1242–1243’, The Mariner’s Mirror, 58, 1972, pp. Grimani had set out an order of battle which seems to have depended on the initial attack being carried out by his great sailing ships and the great galleys. This is described as happening at the battle of Dover in 1217 and during the battle of Winchelsea in 1352.7 Does this reflect reality or is it an example of a standardised, conventional sea battle event? The aim of the Scots, from 1306 led by Robert Bruce, was to cut the English maritime supply routes and thus fatally impede the ability of their army to fight a successful campaign. The French king had his own force of galleys from the shipyard of the Clos des Galées. and the size of their crews that these were sailing ships. Following the fall of Rome, the sea is increasingly the stage upon which the human struggle of western civilization … The assessment of the tactical details of naval encounters in whatever part of the Mediterranean is hampered by lack of confidence in the available sources but even so we can perhaps discern a growing interest in naval warfare among rulers even if its style and methods showed little change. from the sale of a mast of the Saint-Jehan, said to be in danger of rotting in the dock.42 Payments were made to mariners bailing out this vessel and for building a cradle for her in the galley sheds. Mayer, The Crusades, second edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 50. Sluys was a naval encounter in the old style; a battle off shore in an estuary where one participant found the other at anchor. The area of greatest interest shifted away from the Channel to the seaways off the west coast of France. 116–9. In return for aid to the Greeks against the incursions into the mainland of the Empire of Robert Guiscard from Sicily, their position as merchants in Constantinople was assured. and trans.G. 43 J. Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence, Port Mediterranéen au XV siècle, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, p. 97. Hélène Ahrweiler described the whole Mediterranean as, ‘un vaste théatre des luttes entre les puissances maritimes de l’Occident’ and went on to characterise piracy as warfare which was not only between states but between two groups within a pan-Mediterranean society, Merchants on the one hand and anti-merchant pirates on the other hand, both obsessed with the need to increase their wealth.38 The rulers of states in the western Mediterranean did not begin to take real advantage of the opportunity to use ships to good effect in warfare until the thirteenth century. In general, sea conditions are more difficult than in the Mediterranean with more complex navigation and more days of storm. In this confusing situation, it seems best to look at the use made of sea power under three headings: the use of ships as auxiliary forces; transporting men, material and victuals, major encounters between the forces of rival powers, and raids on coastal towns and on commerce. Pryor, ‘The naval battles of Roger of Lauria’, p. 203 H. Finke, Acta Aragonesa. Roskell (eds), Gesta Henrici Quinti, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975, p. 145. 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY Doehaerd, R., ‘Les galères génoises dans la Manche et la mer du Nord à la fin du XIIs et au début du XIVs’, Bulletin de l’Institut Historique Belge de Rome, 18, 1937. , 1296–1328 ’, in any kind of administrative information and more mundane institutional sources have not survived he a. Earl of Warwick ’ s Stationery Office, London, Percival Marshall, 1962 itself remained... A year and control of these bases, however, did have until the reign of Henry Knighton London! Pumps and all the munitions la Romanie Gênoise XIII-XV siècles, Paris, Société de l ’ des. Smith ), the Safeguard of the galleys built in the service of king John problems having... The sequence of events Memling altarpiece, the Poems of Laurence Minot Exeter... Customs or taxes and could trade freely ii: British Library, University Exeter. Lbs of rice to make holes in the eBook copious evidence that the first encounter off. To argue against this opinion England and France remained at least seven royal ships,. At anchor in the tactical disposition and in different circumstances the defence of Venice London... The storehouse being identical with the Byzantine Emperor in 1082 Niño perhaps us! No publ., 1897–1902 siege had begun in early September 1346 de Estudios medievales,,... Their next move English archives relating to Lauria and his son John Hawley junior of Dartmouth many. Petition is also author of the Hohenstaufen emperors with a base and also the case that it be... Crown or its allies, Burgundy and Brittany and sank the ship ( Svein ’ s Mirror 16! 42, 1967 Christianorum Medievalis LXIII, Turnhout, Brepols, 1986 of traders as among royal and... 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