This is not to say, however, that Eisenman limits his use of the technique to Luke's use of Josephus. “The so-called Christ” is probably an interpolation or inadvertent gloss. Chap. In all extant source manuscripts of the Antiquities, that Jesus is said to be “called Christ.” If Josephus wrote that description, then he’d have left us compelling evidence that a historical Jesus of Galilee really existed. According to Josephus, Jews who were strict in their interpretation of the law successfully influenced King Agrippa II (through Governor Albinus) to depose Ananias as high priest. By James Bishop| James, according to our gospels and historian Josephus, was the brother of Jesus Christ.He was also radically converted after allegedly witnessing the risen Jesus. https://reasonsforjesus.com/radical-conversion-jesus-brother-james But the king deprived Joseph of the high priesthood, and bestowed the succession to that dignity on the son of Ananus, who was also himself called Ananus. The record demonstrates James was referred to as the “brother of the Lord” or the “brother of the Savior.” “Josephus’ words ‘called Christ’ are neutral and descriptive, intended to neither confess nor deny Jesus as the ‘Christ.’”18 Finally, Josephus’ account of James’ time … In the Antiquities of the Jews (Book 20, Chapter 9, 1) Josephus refers to the stoning of “James the brother of Jesus” (James the Just) by order of Ananus ben Ananus, a Herodian-era High Priest. A famous passage from Josephus' "Antiquities of the Jews" (not the Testamonium Flavianum, which was definitely the result of Christian editing), is said to be referring to James, the brother of Jesus, who was called "Christ". Josephus mentions him in such an indirect manner that it lacks the look of a later insertion. On the one hand, the Gospel of Mark indisputably identifies “James” and “Joses” as two of the “brothers” (Greek adelphoi) of Jesus (Mark 6:3). In other words, we are essentially asking, in our historical Quest--what kind of a Jew was Jesus? The most famous passage is called the “Testimonium Flavianum”. In the Antiquities of the Jews (Book 20, Chapter 9, 1) Josephus refers to the stoning of "James the brother of Jesus" by order of Ananus ben Ananus, a Herodian-era High Priest. But Matthew, Mark, Paul, Josephus, and Hegesippus all appear to say that James was a full brother, and most modern scholars have reached the same conclusion. Although there is no mention about the death of James the brother of Jesus in the New Testament, there are non-biblical sources detailing the end of the brother of Jesus. Flavius Josephus was a 1st century Jewish historian (37 – 100 AD). The historian Josephus records of James martyrdom: (Antiquities 20.9.1 200) And now Caesar, upon hearing the death of Festus, sent Albinus into Judea, as procurator. '". 13:55, Mark 6:3, Gal. [24] [25] The James referred to in this passage is most likely the James to whom the Epistle of James has been attributed. The second reference to Jesus in Josephus is actually concerned with the death of Jesus’ brother James, who was arguably more historically significant in the first century than was Jesus himself. The passage is found in Antiquities of the Jews Book 20, just a few pages away from the first reference to Jesus: James, the brother of Jesus, turned from skeptic to believer when the resurrected Jesus appeared to him! Also called Joses, a Greek equivalent of the Hebrew “Joseph,” he had a brother, James, called the “brother of the Lord” . Josephus, at least, has not hesitated to testify this in his writings, where he says, "These things happened to the Jews to avenge James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus, that is called the Christ. In Josephus' entire work the term 'Christ' occurs only in the two passages about Jesus and his brother James. As the blood brother of Jesus, authority and rights of guidance were passed on to him. Josephus’s use of “the brother of Jesus the one called Christ” to identify James is significant because it suggests a well-known figure who needs no further description. The earliest report regarding the death of James is by Josephus (c37-c100) Antiquities; published approximately in 93 CE. Over the course of multiple generations of copies, a Christian scribe has added the words because they made sense to him and could help his Christian readers. When Josephus says that James was 'the brother of Jesus called the Anointed', it is o bvious he … Robert Eisenman, James the Brother of Jesus (Viking Penguin) 1997 However, some doubt the genuineness of another statement in the same work concerning Jesus. Other than the letter attributed to James, he is only mentioned three times in all of the NT. This passage is about the execution of James the brother of Jesus, which was ordered by the high priest Ananias. Also called Joses, a Greek equivalent of the Hebrew “Joseph,” he had a brother, James, called the “brother of the Lord” . Josephus tells us about the Herodian family, the temple, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes. Josephus says that this James’ brother was named Jesus. His two celebrated references to Jesus - Antiquities 18:63 and 20:200 - have provoked an enormous quantity of scholarly literature. External evidence strengthens the case for interpolation. What would be expected from Josephus is “Jesus, also a son of Damneus”, or “Jesus, another son of Damneus”, or even better, “Jesus, the brother of James”. 9. What a strange character James is! In the Antiquities of the Jews (Book 20, Chapter 9, 1) Josephus refers to the stoning of "James the brother of Jesus" (James the Just) by order of Ananus ben Ananus, a Herodian-era High Priest. Antiquities 20.200 ). Emil Schurer, Edinburgh, 1973, page 432). AND now [Claudius] Cæsar, upon hearing of the death of Festus, sent Albinus into Judæa as procurator. He is named in the Gospel of Mark as one of Jesus’s four brothers along with Joses (“little Joseph”), Judas (Judah), and Simon (Mark 6:3). The James referred to in this passage is most likely James the first bishop of Jerusalem who is also called James the Just in Christian literature, and to whom the Epistle of James has been attributed. Mentions Jesus in his historical writings (and his brother James cf. Was employed as a historian by the Flavian emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Third, we may note the emphasis of the passage. There is no indication that he followed Jesus at all during Jesus' earthly lifetime. James the Brother of Jesus. Only in Book 20 of Eusebius do we have the oddity of the high priest bringing charges against. Josephus is known for two (apparent) mentions of Jesus: the Testimonium Flavianum and in one brief passage where a certain James who was stoned is said to be “brother of Jesus, called Christ.”. In the 18th and 20th books, there are two little references to Jesus that have inspired a massive literature on their authenticity or spuriousness. The James referred to in this passage is most likely the James to whom the Epistle of Jameshas been attributed. Eusebius, quoting from Hegesippus, writes that James was "called the Just by all from the time of our Savior to the present day; for there were many that bore the name of James.". But is it a foregone conclusion that Josephus was indeed referring to THE James and Jesus of the Bible?… If his bones were placed in an ossuary the inscription would have occurred the following year, around A.D. 63. I have always wondered what Josephus personally thought of Mariamne III…he could have personally known her if she stayed in Judea after Jesus died–he was born in 37 A.D. 18.3) and a passage that mentions James as the brother of Jesus (Ant. And because the practice of replacing a killed high priest by his brother is rather abnormal, certainly Josephus would have said a few words about that. According to Christian tradition, he was buried in a rock-cut tomb in the Kidron Valley, and one year later, in accordance with Jewish tradition, his bones were interned in an ossuary. Josephus does! In the case of Jesus' brother James, he even provides crucial addenda to the New Testatment, which does not tell us how James died. His reference to Jesus in Antiquities of the Jews is referred to as the Testimonium Flavianum: About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if … James, the brother of Jesus called Christ. James's name always appears first in lists, which suggests he was the eldest among them. Finally, the Jesus-James reference in AJ XX.200 is almost universally considered authentic by Josephus scholars (again, see Jesus Mythicism 2: “James the Brother of the Lord”). Josephus and Paul tell us one of Jesus’ brother’s name was James. Josephus on James. The New Testament is totally silent on the death of James, the brother of Jesus – known as James the Just. Jesus Mythicism 2: “James, the Brother of the Lord” February 18, 2018 Tim O'Neill Comments 197 comments It makes sense that the sect which survived Jesus’ execution would be more likely to leave an early historical trace than Jesus himself, given his relative obscurity in his lifetime. Josephus does! 7. Josephus, Antiquities 20.9.1 Since Ananus was that kind of person, and because he perceived an opportunity with Festus having died and Albinus not yet arrived, he called a meeting of the Sanhedrin and brought James, the brother of Jesus (who is called 'Messiah') along with some others. Antiquities 20.200 ). Paget refers to Josephus’ Antiquities 20:197-203. the brother of Jesus called Christ, James by name . Porcius Festus who was the Roman procurator… apostle James the elder, the son of Zebedee (Acts 12:1-4). Jesus' name appears once in identifying " a man named James, the brother of Jesus who was called the Christ " (Jewish Antiquities XX. The Death of James the Just,Brother of Jesus Christ Below you will read the earliest known testimony to the death of James the Just, brother of Jesus our Lord. Jesus' brothers – James as well as Jude, Simon and Joses – are named in Matthew 13:55 and Mark 6:3 and mentioned elsewhere. 20.9). Mentions Jesus in his historical writings (and his brother James cf. Josephus tells us precisely who James is the brother of – Jesus bar Damneus! Several scholars argue that this short description in Book 20 presupposes an earlier reference to Jesus. Name. James was a very common name for the time. In Book XX of his Jewish Antiquities, first-century historian Flavius Josephus refers to the death of “James, the brother of Jesus who was called the Christ.”Many scholars consider this declaration to be authentic. 8 [200]), in which case Josephus is focusing on James, not Jesus. The Death of James, the Brother of our Lord: By Josephus (37–100) From the ‘Antiquities’: Translation of William Whiston. In my previous post I outlined the reasons why Josephus would have been unlikely to have attempted to remind readers who Jesus was by such a phrase. Jesus's 'brothers'—James as well as Jude, Simon, and Joses—are mentioned in Matthew 13:55, Mark 6:3, Luke 6:14, and by Paul in Galatians 1:19. 1:19, called simply "James" in Acts 12:17, 15:13, 21:18, and 1 Cor. Josephus mentions him in such an indirect manner that it lacks the look of a later insertion. The only other high priest who bore this name was the son of the founder of the high priestly dynasty, the impulsive Ananus son of Ananus, mentioned not in the New Testament but in the writings of Josephus (Antiquities 20.199–203), where he is connected with the martyrdom of James the brother of Jesus. We can conclude that James, the skeptical brother of Jesus, was a real personality. The translations of Josephus' writing into other languages have at times included passages that are not found in the Greek texts, raising the possibility of interpolation, but this passage on James is found in all manu… Jesus had four brothers and some (two) sisters: James, Joses (Joseph), Simon, and Judas (Jude, the writer of the book of Jude). 9) (3) Josephus also describes St. James as “the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ” (ibid.). James’ seniority relative to Jesus might be reflected in the parable of the prodigal (Luke 15:11-32). (Paul Winter, " Josephus on Jesus and James ," in History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ , ed. This hardly strengthens the case for their authenticity. And so he convened the judges of the Sanhedrin, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, the one called Christ, whose name was James, and certain others, and accusing them of having transgressed the law delivered them up to be stoned. James would likely have been wreathed in laudatory language and styled, “the brother of the Lord,” as the New Testament defines him, rather than “the brother of Jesus.” Nor could the New Testament have served as Josephus’s source since it provides no detail on James’s death. Whiston's translation: "AND now Caesar, upon hearing the death of Festus, sent Albinus into Judea, as procurator [62C.E.]. Book. When he was brutally murdered in 62 C.E. In Antiquities, book 20 chapter 9, he mentions James the brother of Jesus and Annas the High priest: "Upon the death of Festus (62 A.D.), Emperor Nero sent Albinus to be procurator of Judea. Josephus gives us a nice external confirmation of what we read in the gospels, Acts and epistles of Paul. James’ death was the result of being beheaded and we see this recorded in the Book of Acts (12:1-3): “About that time Herod the king laid violent hands on some who belonged to the church. James, the brother of Jesus For the remainder of the history given by Luke, James is barely mentioned again, and Peter is absent. This James was clearly highly placed and honored. But take the example of his account of the death of a certain James, the brother of Jesus, in the year 62 CE. 1. In order to distinguish this James from any number of other individuals named James, Josephus refers to the better known brother. Hegesippus (c. AD 170) provides a detailed account in book 5 of His Memoirs, which is recorded in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 2.23.8-18.Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150-215) also provides an … JAMES, BROTHER OF JESUS. — Against Celsus 1.47 The following passage, in which Josephus mentions Jesus and his “brother” James, firmly establishes the existence of Jesus: ... whose name was James, … Christian apologists have routinely pointed out that this is a powerful line of evidence for anyone wishing to make an apologetic for resurrection of Jesus as a historical event. 1. Josephus and Jesus: The Testimonium Flavianum Question. James, brother of Jesus. The most obvious way of interpreting Galatians is that Paul is referring to Jesus’ flesh-and-blood brother. That James was killed (Acts 12:2) before the Jerusalem Council led by James the brother of Jesus. by the High Priest Ananus (see Josephus, Antiquities 20.197ff), Simeon, a second brother [sic “cousin” according to Hegesippus] of Jesus took over the leadership of the Jerusalem based movement. Second, Josephus offers a historical record in which Jesus Christ, James the brother of Jesus, and John the Baptist are mentioned by name. In Against Celsus 1.47, Origen states "this writer" (Josephus)… "in seeking after the cause of the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple"… "says nevertheless"… "that these disasters happened to the Jews as a punishment for the death of James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus … So you can see that I conflated Josephus’ account of the martyrdom of James, the brother of Jesus and of the death of Herod James Carleton Paget, Some Observations on Josephus and Christianity, Journal of Theological Studies 52.2 (2001) pp. He was a commander of the Jewish forces in Galilee and would later become a Roman citizen. Josephus’s use of “the brother of Jesus the one called Christ” to identify James is significant because it suggests a well-known figure who needs no further description. Here it is: > “About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man if indeed one ought to call him a man. Jeannie Myers. Jesus came from a big family. Matthew 13:55-56 names Jesus’ brothers: James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas and mentions sisters (plural), so He had at least six siblings. James is always named first when Jesus’ brothers are listed, which in his day likely meant that he was the eldest of the four. Known as James the Just and Old Camel ... In Jewish Antiquities (20.9.1), Josephus describes James as "the brother of Jesus … Josephus mentions nearly a dozen men named “Jesus,” and every one of them is granted some sort of appellation used to differentiate him from the others. There is, for example, Jesus the brother of the High Priest John, Jesus the brother of Onias, Jesus the son of Phabet, Jesus the son of Sie, etc. Scholarly debate over Josephus’ knowledge of Christianity has centered on two explicit passages in the Antiquities of the Jews: the “Testimonium Flavianum” (Ant. Josephus on the Death of James brother of Jesus, in 62 C.E. But the king [Agrippa II, a client king of the Romans and ruling over eastern Galilee and Cesarea Philippi, had become in charge of nominating and firing high priests] JOSEPH, BROTHER OF JESUS One of the “ brothers of the Lord ” (Matt 13:55; 27:56; Mark 15:40, 47). Assuming that James’ brother and the son of Damneus are the same person, and taking into account Josephus’ normal writing style, by all rights the James passage should say “James, brother of Jesus, the son of Damneus.” But this is not the case. Josephus on James: Josephus' Ant., XX, IX, 1, Wm. It seems not too much to say that the book ushers in a new era in the study of Acts. Porcius Festus who was the Roman procurator… Was employed as a historian by the Flavian emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. The issue of the relationship of Jesus to the Essenes, as well as to the the Dead Sea Scrolls, whether Essene or otherwise, is central to our attempts to view Jesus in his historical contexts. JOSEPH, BROTHER OF JESUS One of the “ brothers of the Lord ” (Matt 13:55; 27:56; Mark 15:40, 47). Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History 2.23.21-24. The analysis supports that the hypothesis (James the brother of Jesus is a myth due to no supporting evidence) is false. Although there is no mention about the death of James the brother of Jesus in the New Testament, there are non-biblical sources detailing the end of the brother of Jesus. His mother, Mary, is probably “Mary the wife of Clopas” . If an interpolator added this sort of sentiment, knowing that Josephus was an orthodox Jew, then certainly he (or another interpolator) would have been careless enough to refer to James as "the brother of the Lord," had this small passage been a forgery. This James is referred to as "the Lord’s brother" in Matt. These three figures, all brutally murdered by the political and religious establishment, just happen to be the founding figures of what scholars call “the Jesus movement.” He mentions James the brother of Jesus, John the Baptist, and even Jesus himself. 539-624. 20. ""this writer" (Josephus)… "in seeking after the cause of the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple"… "says nevertheless"… "that these disasters happened to the Jews as a punishment for the death of James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus (called Christ)"." XX. On the one hand, the Gospel of Mark indisputably identifies “James” and “Joses” as two of the “brothers” (Greek adelphoi) of Jesus (Mark 6:3). A monster review of all the theories, all the scholars and all the evidence. Schurer, Zahn, von Dobschutz and Juster are among the scholars who have regarded the words 'the brother of Jesus… James became a believer because he saw the risen Jesus, and he gave his life to proclaim that his brother … The Lost Years…Some Thoughts on Josephus and Mary/Mariamne III. Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 For Greek text see [3] In the Antiquities of the Jews ( Book 20, Chapter 9, 1) Josephus refers to the stoning of "James the brother of Jesus" by order of Ananus ben Ananus, a Herodian-era High Priest. Flavius Josephus published a history of the Jews in twenty books around 93 CE. Of special interest to students of Christian origins are the short but invaluable descriptions Josephus gives us of John the Baptizer, Jesus, and James, the brother of Jesus. Mark and Matthew both refer to Jesus’ brother James (Mark 6:3, Matthew 13:55) Luke and Paul refer to him not just as a brother of Jesus, but also as a leader in the church of Jerusalem (Acts 15:13, Galatians 1:19, Galatians 2:9). For the Jews slew him, although he was a most just man." Josephus also wrote that James, the brother of Jesus was stoned to death in Jerusalem. . Answer: Jesus is mentioned twice in the works of Josephus. And Eisenman's redactional analyses of Luke on Josephus is unly one of the major advances of James the Brother of Jesus. (2) Josephus describes St. James the Apostle being sentenced to death around 30 years later (around A.D. 61) (Ant. Although mentioned several times in the New Testament, Jesus’s brother James remains a shadowy figure. Most all Biblical scholars concur that James the brother of Jesus is not to be identified as James, the brother of John and the son of Zebedee. John Painter, Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition (Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 259. There is a story in Acts 12:1-4 about how King Herod had James, the brother of John, put to death with the sword – but this is a different James. . Flavius Josephus was a 1st century Jewish historian (37 – 100 AD). Origen (third century) quotes a version of … However, as I looked, I could not find a reference in Josephus to the martyrdom of James under Agrippa. . In Jewish Antiquities, parts of which are included in this mid-17th-century book of translations, Josephus refers to a James, who is described as “the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah.” Josephus’s mention of Jesus to specify which James was being executed by the high priest Ananus in 62 C.E. The first century Jewish historian Josephus recorded that “the brother of Jesus the so-called Christ, James by name,” was stoned to death as a Jewish heretic in A.D. 62. As any Greek dictionary will tell you, the most common meaning of the word “brother” is the same as in English: “a male from the same womb.”. Some believe these to be the same person. 15:7, and is considered by most scholars to be the author of the New Testament Epistle of James.. If you drop the spurious clause about "being called the Christ" , doubtless inserted by a Christian editor, then this James would have been the brother of the guy who eventually made high priest because of James' execution! In the Antiquities of the Jews (Book 20, Chapter 9, 1) Josephus refers to the stoning of "James the brother of Jesus" (James the Just) by order of Ananus ben Ananus, a Herodian-era High Priest. 3:31-35) reflects the kind of almost parental concern an older brother might feel for a younger brother. Josephus’ satirical view of Christianity. Josephus referred to James as being 'the brother of Jesus who is called Christ,' without much ado, we have to assume that in an earlier passage he had already told his readers about Jesus himself. His mother, Mary, is probably “Mary the wife of Clopas” . Josephus on Jesus: The Death of James In Book 20, Chapter 9 of Antiquities of the Jews, there is a reference to “the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James”, and that this James was put to death by stoning. In chapter 21 Paul makes another visit to Jerusalem to meet with the leadership and the only name mentioned is James. “Nowhere else in his voluminous works does Josephus use the word ‘Christ,’ except in the passage which refers to James ‘the brother of Jesus who was called Christ’ (Antiquities of the Jews, Book 20, Chapter 9, Paragraph 1), which is also considered to be a forgery. Knowing Jesus would soon depart from them, his Disciples, according to the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas, (buried and preserved in Nag Hammadi, Egypt), asked him who would lead them, "And Jesus said to them, 'In the place you are to go, go to James the Righteous, for whose sake Heaven and Earth came into existence. He is called Adelphos (Greek "brother"). The earliest report regarding the death of James is by Josephus (c37-c100) Antiquities; published approximately in 93 CE. As any Greek dictionary will tell you, the most common meaning of the word “brother” is the same as in English: “a male from the same womb.”. The Christian writer Origen cites Josephus' section on the death of James "the brother of Jesus" in Book 20 of the Antiquities; but states Josephus did not believe in Jesus, and does not cite the TF passage in Book 18. c. 324 Eusebius quotes the TF in full, in the form that survives today in all manuscripts. Thermusa aka Musa Queen of the Parthians. James the Just, pastor of the Jerusalem church 6 and half-brother of Jesus 7 was stoned and thrown from the pinnacle of the temple according to Josephus. Evidence of the life of James can also be found outside of the Bible, from the historian Josephus. Josephus’ audience was largely non-Jewish and would have been better acquainted with the founder of Christianity. In A.D. 62, James the brother of Jesus and leader of the Jerusalem community was executed. The story of those with Jesus seizing him in the midst of exorcism (Mark 3:21; cf. According to Papias of Hierapolis, Alphaeus and … James was not the first Christian martyr at all as that was ascribed to Stephen who was stoned to death in Acts 7:54-60. He was a commander of the Jewish forces in Galilee and would later become a Roman citizen. , and the Essenes, page 432 ) skeptical brother of Jesus Some doubt the genuineness another... 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